ANTONI GAUDÍ I CORNET (1852-1926)
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In 1879, Gaudí’s name first
appeared on the books of the Pujol i Bausis factory (see Pía
Subias’s article in Tradición y modernidad, la ceramica en el
modernismo, published for the Ninth Annual Congress of the
Associació de Ceramologia), which mention a shade of yellow called
“Gaudí.” These references appear again later, in 1882-1884, 1893,
and 1894. This suggests that from his very first projects, Gaudí
used ceramic tile overlay as an essential component of his work. For the Güell Pavilions in Barcelona (1883), Gaudí chose tiles of solid blue or green and others flecked with the same colors to adorn the walls of exposed brick. The exterior is richly decorated in transparent ceramics with shell shapes that take up the majority of the surfaces, except for those that are purposefully left as exposed brick and the decorated cornices, often also finished with multi-colored ceramics. Gaudí’s
Park Güell is the work with
the highest ceramic content. Many various ceramic forms and
patterns are found throughout the expansive grounds. Many zones of
the Park, especially the entrance and main stairway, the hypostyle
“forest of columns,” and the large plaza revel in an explosion of
ceramic colors and forms. This ceramic richness is apparent even
before entering, since the exterior wall surrounding the Park is The caretaker cottage (Administration) and shop, on either side of the main entrance gate, also share in an extraordinary richness of color and whimsy, with roofs completely covered in trencadís (primarily shades of brown on the caretaker cottage and white and blue on the shop) in many different tonalities, with windows marked by ceramic floral friezes and (once again) medallions referencing the Park’s patron: Güell. Today, it is quite obvious that these ceramic pieces came from the Pujol i Bausis factory in Esplugues de Llobregat. Maria Pia Subias has found in the decoration of these roofs a revival of Catalan and Valencian Gothic tradition advocated by architects Font i Gumà and Antoni Maria Gallissà. According to the same author, tiles designed by Gallissà and tiles made by Manises i Onda in Valencia can be found on the caretaker cupolas. Before ascending the central
staircase, visitors enjoy the ceramic-covered battlements on the
right that sit atop the cave and the d Even though the entire Park
resonates with magnificent ceramic splendor, the best is saved for
last: the undulating bench completed by
Josep Maria Jujol based on
an idea of Gaudí. It is perhaps the most spectacular example of
trencadís in the world. The majority of ceramic pieces comprising
the bench are from Pujol i Bausis; there is documentation of a
shipment of 12,000 tiles in June 1904 The exterior façade of Casa Batlló on Barcelona’s Passeig de Gràcia is a veritable ceramic orgy, with its surprisingly spectacular symphony of colors—predominantly greens and blues of remarkable brilliance and clarity. The rear façade, although much more austere, is also decorated with ceramics from the Pujol i Bausis and Sebastià Ribó factories. The interior courtyard is covered in graded shades of blue tiles from the factory of Sebastià Ribó in Sant Martí de Provençals (now the Clot neighborhood of Barcelona). The chimneys
of La Pedrera are also
decorated with Pujol i Bausis ceramics, although the building in its
entirety has a very different For better or worse, all of Gaudí’s
works display a notable wealth of ceramic decoration. This page
could be considerably lengthened with further examples—such as the
Crypt of the Colònia Güell, the
Palau Güell, Bellesguard, the
Col·legi de Santa Teresa, or the interior of the
Episcopal Palace of Astorga—but it
will suffice to mention only one more work, from Gaudí’s youth:
Casa Vicens. It is significant not because its owner was a tile
manufacturer (which is more and more open to debate), but because,
like El Capricho, it is an outstanding work dominated by ceramic
elements with widely contrasting chromaticism that probably
scandalized more than one purist in its day. |
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| Translation from the Catalan original text by Catherine P. Crowe |
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